Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is negatively correlates with adiposity in adult humans. Near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy has been used to noninvasively measure the density of BAT (BAT-d). We examined the relationship between body adiposity and total hemoglobin concentration in the supraclavicular region ([total-Hb]sup), that is a parameter for BAT-d, in healthy children (113 boys and 127 girls, aged 1 month to 5 years). Age and [total-Hb]sup were significant predictors of the Kaup index and subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness. BAT-d, determined by [total-Hb]sup, was negatively associated with body adiposity in infants, which is in line with the result found in adults.
Brown/beige adipose tissue (BAT) is expected to contribute to protecting lifestyle-related diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine if near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy (NIRTRS) is capable of distinguishing BAT from muscle and white adipose tissue (WAT). We analyzed the optical characteristics of tissues in the supraclavicular region, where BAT deposits can be located, and deltoid and abdominal regions in 36 participants (16 men and 20 women) who were apparently healthy individuals, with a median age of 44.5 years, in winter and summer. They also had a median body fat percentage of 28.3% and a deltoid and abdominal adipose tissue thickness of 0.85 cm and 1.71 cm, respectively. The total hemoglobin concentration [total-Hb] and the reduced scattering coefficient (μs′) were determined using nearinfrared time-resolved spectroscopy (NIRTRS) with a 3 cm optode separation for supraclavicular and deltoid regions and a 2 cm optode separation for abdominal region. The results regarding data collected in winter were the following: deltoid (μs' = 9.6 [9.1, 10.4] cm-1 , [total-Hb] = 114.9 [107.0, 127.7] μM); abdominal (μs' = 9.0 [7.9, 10.1] cm-1 , [total-Hb] = 11.2 [8.0, 16.0] μM); and supraclavicular (μs' = 7.9 [7.2, 8.7] cm-1 , [total-Hb] = 60.7 [48.9, 74.7] μM)) in winter. Some data are overlapped between groups of muscle and BAT. These results indicated that [total-Hb] and μs′ show region-specific characteristics. We conclude that using [total-Hb] - μs′ relationship determined by NIRTRS is a useful strategy to distinguish BAT from other tissues in a simple, rapid, and non-invasive manner.
KEYWORDS: Near infrared, Tissues, Tissue optics, Temperature metrology, Brain-machine interfaces, Time resolved spectroscopy, Ultrasonography, Oncology, Medicine, Biological research
F18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)–positron emission tomography (PET) along with computed tomography (CT) is a standard method for assessing brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity. We tested the usefulness of near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy (NIRTRS) as a simple and noninvasive method for evaluating BAT density (BAT-d) by examining the effects of some factors known to influence BAT activity. The total hemoglobin concentration as a parameter of BAT-d was evaluated using NIRTRS in the supraclavicular region in 413 Japanese individuals. The associations were analyzed between BAT-d and sex, age, the percentages of body fat (%BF), visceral fat (VF), and the seasonal ambient temperature (AmT) fluctuations. Age was associated with decreased BAT-d (P < 0.05). There was no sex difference in the BAT-d, except for those in their twenties. Multivariate analyses revealed that %BF and VF were correlated with BAT-d, and the lower AmT (around 4°C or 5°C) for 4 and 6 weeks prior to the measurement day was associated with an increase in the BAT-d. Our NIRTRS results were analogous to those reported with FDG18-PET / CT, indicating the usefulness of NIRTRS. BAT-d might increase during the 4 and 6 weeks after the AmT decreases to lower than 4°C or 5°C.
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