Perovskite solar cells are ideal candidates for tandem solar cell technologies thanks to their bandgap tunability and high efficiency, but their stability needs to be improved for commercial applications. The operational stability of encapsulated PSCs with wide bandgaps suitable for regular and bifacial tandems was tested with 1-sun illumination and at different temperatures. For all temperatures, the decay in performance is due to a drop in current at MPP conditions, and XRD shows perovskite decomposition. Interestingly, open-circuit-voltage-decay measurements reveal a higher ion concentration for the degraded device, which correlates with the drop in current.
Thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) OLEDs promise higher luminous efficiency than traditional OLEDs but suffer from a shorter lifetime, so identifying the degradation mechanisms is crucial to find a solution. In-depth electrical characterization of TADF devices during stressing at constant current revealed a shift in capacitance onset due to the formation of interfacial trap states. Simulations showed that this shift depends on the voltage applied before performing the C-V scan and that the emptying of trap states due to Shockley-Read-Hall recombination caused the shift.
We present a comprehensive approach to the characterization and modeling of photovoltaic metal-halide perovskite single junction devices and perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells. The framework is based on 1D opto-electronic device simulation in steady-state and transient modes as well as frequency domain including specific features of the perovskite materials such as mobile ions, combined with a broad variety of device characterization experiments. As a salient feature, advanced optimization algorithms are used for reliable parameter extraction and opto-electronic device optimization purposes in both single junction and tandem solar cell architectures.
Many electron transport layer materials (ETL) employed in state of the art organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are known to be polar. We combine for the first time simulations and electrical characterization of OLEDs based on polar ETL, in order to understand the impact of such materials on the device operation. Depending on the orientation of the dipole orientation, simulations predict either a benefit or a disadvantage of the polar ETL for the device performance. We also show that OLEDs featuring a polar material are perfectly suited for extracting mobility activation energy and Injection barrier from the anode to the ETL.
So far self-heating has only been of concern in large-area devices where the resistive transparent anode leads to a potential drop over the device resulting in inhomogeneous current, brightness and temperature distributions. In this work, we show that even small lab devices suffer from self-heating effects originating from the organic semiconductor layer. In admittance spectroscopy of organic semiconductor devices, negative capacitance values often arise at low frequency and high voltages. In this study we demonstrate the influence of self-heating on organic semiconductor devices with the aid of a numerical 1D drift-diffusion model that is extended by Joule heating and heat conduction. Furthermore the impact of trap states on the capacitance in combination with self-heating is demonstrated. The typical signature of self-heating might be overshadowed depending on the trapping dynamics. In a next step, we compare the negative capacitance vs. frequency for uni- and bipolar devices to quantify the different processes. We emphasize the impact of self-heating and trapping on OLEDs and organic solar cells. To ease the interpretation of the results we investigate simulations in the time domain as well as in the frequency domain. We have provided clear evidence of self-heating of organic semiconductor devices and conclude that a comprehensive model requires the inclusion of heat conduction and heat generation in the drift-diffusion model.
We demonstrate the importance of a comprehensive modeling of the dynamics of excited states in organic optoelectronics devices. Our numerical analysis demonstrates that exciton distributions extracted from spectral emission measurements of OLEDs are equivalent to those obtained by solving charge and exciton transport equations when the position-dependent coupling to optical modes is taken into account. The transport simulations are based on the extended Gaussian disorder model for organic semiconductors. Further, we show that the same numerical modeling framework can be used to accurately simulate bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells with dissociation of charge-transfer excitons. The simulations are compared to experimental data.
In this paper, we introduce an extension of the coupled electronic-optical model to simulate organic light-emitting
devices (OLEDs). We couple the influence of the optical environment to the exciton transport equation which
yields a position dependent exciton lifetime. Thereby we get a more accurate spatial distribution of excitons,
namely the emission profile. We show that the emission profile is dependent on the intrinsic quantum efficiency.
In a second part of this paper, an extended numerical algorithm for extraction of the emission profile from
emission spectra is presented. The extended extraction algorithm takes the influence of the optical environment
into account. We call it the excitonic lifetime fitting method (ELF) and compare it to a conventional linear
fitting method. On the basis of consistency checks we demonstrate the influence of noisy emission spectra and
device thicknesses. Our investigations show the impact of the ELF method, which improves the accuracy and
robustness of the extracted emission profile considerably up to 120 %.
Accurate mobility determination is essential to model and improve the efficiency of organic solar cells. A frequently
used method to determine charge carrier mobilities is called CELIV(charge extraction by a linearly
increasing voltage). In this technique a voltage ramp is applied to the device in order to extract the free charge
carriers inside the cell. With an extended method called photo-CELIV the free charge carriers are first generated
by a short laser pulse and are then extracted after an adjustable time. To analyse the experiment analytical
formulas are used.
We simulate the CELIV and photo-CELIV method with a fully coupled electro-optical model. Our numerical
model allows us to reveal the limitations of analytical expressions used to analyse CELIV transients. The
influence of the mobility, the series resistance, the voltage slope and the illumination intensity on the CELIV
transients are studied. We show that using the analytical formulas only the order of magnitude of the mobility
can be determined.
We also perform CELIV measurements on organic bulk heterojunction solar cells based on a PT5DPP:PCBMC70
blend. By fitting the numerical simulation to the measured transients we extract charge carrier mobilities, the
recombination efficiency and the series resistance.
A comprehensive electronic-optical simulation tool for the design of complex organic multi-layer device structures is
presented. The physical models comprise the key optical and electronic processes governing organic light-emitting
(OLEDs) and light-harvesting devices. The simulation of such devices is demonstrated for electronic-only or optics-only
models as well as for electronic-optical and optical-electronic coupled device models. Validation examples with
experimental data and applications for device simulations are also discussed. It is shown that both light-emitting and
light-harvesting devices require careful optical as well as electronic multilayer design and characterization.
In order to get a detailed understanding of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs), optimize their performance and provide reliable data for device modeling, we have developed an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) evaporation system for combinatorial studies. Our system allows the simultaneous fabrication of 10 x 10 individual devices on one substrate enabling a systematic variation of material combinations and electrodes as well as device parameters such as layer thickness, layer sequence, dye dopant concentrations. Here, we present an overview of the capabilities of combinatorial methods for electrical and electro-optical device optimization. We show results on multilayer OLEDs ranging from the conventional copper-phthalocyanine (CuPc)/N,N'-di(naphtalene-1-yl)-N,N'-diphenyl-benzidine (NPB)/ and tris-(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq) trilayer device to double-doped, red-emitting OLEDs with efficiencies up to 1.5 cd/A at 20 mA/cm2 measured through a semitransparent metal electrode and CIE color coordinates of x=0.65, y=0.34.
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