Prof. Lingfang Song Profile

Prof. Lingfang Song

at Nanchang Normal Univ

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (53)

Proceedings Article | 28 March 2021 Paper

A novel method for generating structured illumination of three-dimensional shape measurement using phase modulation

Xianlin Song, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11765, 117650X (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2581302

KEYWORDS: Structured light, Phase modulation, Phase measurement, Fringe analysis, Spatial frequencies, Optical testing, Modulation, Projection systems, Prisms, Mechanical engineering

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Proceedings Article | 22 March 2021 Poster + Paper

Visualization of Airy-beam large volumetric sensing photoacoustic microscopy based on K-wave

Ganyu Chen, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song, Xianlin Song

Proceedings Volume 11590, 1159016 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2592424

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Microrings, Tissues, Resonators, Ultrasonics, Sensors, Signal detection, Photoacoustic imaging, Brain, Pulsed laser operation

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As an emerging nondestructive imaging technology recently, photoacoustic imaging (PAI), which is based on photoacoustic effect, combines the advantages: the high resolution and contrast of optical imaging and the high penetration depth of acoustic imaging. Thereinto, as a branch of photoacoustic imaging, photoacoustic microimaging inherited the advantages of photoacoustic imaging. The unique focusing mode of photoacoustic microimaging can meet the requirements of higher resolution in biological imaging, thus, it gained extensive applications in medical science field. However, on account of using high numerical aperture objective lens strongly focus on Gaussian beam, traditional photoacoustic microimaging system has shallow depth of imaging field, and its transverse resolution and signal-to-noise ratio deteriorate rapidly outside the focal point, limiting the velocity of large volume imaging. Owing to solve these problems, in this paper, we build a simulation platform for Airy beam photoacoustic microscopy based on K-Wave simulation toolbox. This platform uses Airy beam to inspire initial Photoacoustic signal in large volume and K-Wave simulation toolbox to simulate the propagation, recording and reconstruction process of Photoacoustic signal. As nondiffraction beam, Airy beam features the capacity of large depth of field, thus, its application could reach the requirement of large depth of field imaging of Photoacoustic microscopy system. Measuring the performances of the constructed Photoacoustic microscopy system, we constructed three-dimensional imaging of the blood vessel. By simulating A-Scan, B-Scan and C-Scan, we measured the performances of this system, such as axial resolution, transverse resolution and depth of field. Meanwhile, the three-dimensional imaging of the vertically tilted fiber also verified the three-dimensional imaging capability of the Airy beam photoacoustic microscopy simulation platform. The establishment of the simulation platform has a significance for the theoretical research of photoacoustic microscopy and its application in biomedicine.

Proceedings Article | 22 March 2021 Poster + Paper

Large volumetric optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy based on a tunable acoustic gradient lens and fiber delay network

Xianlin Song, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11593, 115932W (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2581303

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic microscopy, Tissue optics, Acoustics, Image resolution, Photoacoustic imaging, Ultrasonics, Tungsten, Tissues, Signal generators

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Proceedings Article | 22 March 2021 Poster + Paper

Bessel ultrasonic sensor for large volumetric optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy for based on conical acoustic lens

Xianlin Song, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song, Jinhong Zhang, Aojie Zhao, Qiming He, Bo Li, Chong Liu, Jiahui Liu

Proceedings Volume 11590, 1159013 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2590881

KEYWORDS: Ultrasonics, Transducers, Acoustics, Sensors, Photoacoustic microscopy, Spherical lenses, Lens design, Ultrasonography, Silica, Prisms

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Proceedings Article | 22 March 2021 Poster + Paper

Optimal design of Bessel acoustic lens suitable for optical-resolution photoacoustic microscope with large depth of field

Zouhua Chen, Tongyang Song, Wenhao Xu, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song, Xianlin Song

Proceedings Volume 11590, 1159014 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2592413

KEYWORDS: Acoustics, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Photoacoustic tomography, Microscopes, Ultrasonics, Prisms, Photoacoustic imaging, Spherical lenses, Mirrors, Image resolution

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Proceedings Article | 22 March 2021 Poster + Paper

Virtual compressed sensing photoacoustic tomography with high-detection efficiency using k-wave

Aojie Zhao, Jiahui Liu, Qiming He, Bo Li, Jinhong Zhang, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song, Xianlin Song

Proceedings Volume 11590, 1159017 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2592435

KEYWORDS: Compressed sensing, Photoacoustic tomography, Photoacoustic imaging, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Data storage, Virtual reality, Computer simulations, Biomedical optics, Reconstruction algorithms, Nondestructive evaluation

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Poster + Paper

Deconvolution optical-resolution photoacoustic microscope for high-resolution imaging of cerebral vasculature

Xianlin Song, Lingfang Song, Anqing Chen, Jianshuang Wei, Aojie Zhao, Ao Teng

Proceedings Volume 11649, 116491B (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2588860

KEYWORDS: Deconvolution, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Image resolution, Tissues, Point spread functions, Photoacoustic imaging, Microscopes, Photoacoustic microscopy, Light scattering, Signal processing

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Photoacoustic imaging is becoming a very promising tool for the research of living organisms. It combines the high contrast of optical imaging and the high resolution of acoustic imaging to realize the imaging of absorption clusters in biological tissues. Since the scattering of ultrasound signals in biological tissues is 2-3 orders of magnitude weaker than the scattering of light in biological tissues, the endogenous absorption difference of tissues is directly used in the imaging process, so photoacoustic imaging has the advantages of deep imaging depth and non-destructive. As an important branch of photoacoustic imaging, photoacoustic microscopy can provide micron-level or even sub-micron-level imaging resolution, which is of great significance for biological research such as blood vessel detection. Since the lateral resolution of the photoacoustic microscopy imaging system depends on the focus of the laser, a higher resolution can be obtained by increasing the numerical aperture of the condenser objective. However, a large numerical aperture usually means a shorter working distance and makes the entire imaging system very sensitive to small optical defects. Therefore, the improvement of resolution through this method will be limited in practical applications. This paper implements a method of using iterative deconvolution to obtain a high-resolution photoacoustic image of the brain. The focal spot of the photoacoustic microscopy is measured to obtain the lateral PSF (point spread function) of the system. Making the measured PSF as the initial system PSF to perform Lucy- Richardson (LR) deconvolution. The image resolution of cerebral vasculature obtained by this method is higher. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of width of the same cerebral capillaries before and after deconvolution are 7 μm and 3.6 μm, respectively, and the image definition is increased by about 1.9 times. Experiments show that this method can further improve the clarity of photoacoustic images of cerebral capillaries, which lays the foundation for further research on brain imaging.

Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Paper

Blind-deconvolution optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy for high-resolution imaging of compact capillary

Xianlin Song, Lingfang Song, Jianshuang Wei

Proceedings Volume 11631, 1163115 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2582408

KEYWORDS: Liver, Photoacoustic microscopy, Image resolution, Tissues, Point spread functions, Photoacoustic imaging, Blood vessels, Light scattering, Deconvolution, Signal processing

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As the body's largest solid organ, the liver plays a very important role in the body's metabolism. More and more studies have shown that the liver may be an immune organ. A large amount of blood containing nutrients and pathogenic bacteria enters the liver. The liver is extremely rich in blood vessels, including the hepatic artery and portal vein. In the liver circulation, hepatic sinusoids have a unique structure and maintain normal immune homeostasis. More importantly, many liver diseases will directly affect liver sinusoids, such as hepatitis and liver fibrosis. Therefore, the ability to obtain high-resolution images of liver sinusoids of living livers is of great significance for the study of liver diseases. Photoacoustic imaging is becoming a very promising tool for the research of living organisms. It combines the high contrast of optical imaging and the high resolution of acoustic imaging to realize the imaging of absorption clusters in biological tissues. Since the scattering of ultrasound signals in biological tissues is 2-3 orders of magnitude weaker than the scattering of light in biological tissues, the endogenous absorption difference of tissues is directly used in the imaging process, so photoacoustic imaging has the advantages of deep imaging depth and non-destructive. As an important branch of photoacoustic imaging, photoacoustic microscopy can provide micron-level or even sub-micron-level imaging resolution, which is of great significance for biological research such as liver blood vessel detection. Since the lateral resolution of the photoacoustic microscopy imaging system depends on the focus of the laser, a higher resolution can be obtained by increasing the numerical aperture of the condenser objective. However, a large numerical aperture usually means a shorter working distance and makes the entire imaging system very sensitive to small optical defects. Therefore, the improvement of resolution through this method will be limited in practical applications. This paper implements a method of using iterative deconvolution to obtain a high-resolution photoacoustic image of the liver blood vessel. The focal spot of the photoacoustic microscopy is measured to obtain the lateral PSF (point spread function) of the system. Making the measured PSF as the initial system PSF to perform Lucy- Richardson (LR) deconvolution. The image resolution of liver lobules obtained by this method is higher. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the same liver sinusoid width before and after deconvolution are 9.52 μm and 6.65 μm, respectively, and the image definition is increased by about 1.4 times. Experiments show that this method can further improve the clarity of photoacoustic images of liver blood vessels, which lays the foundation for further research on liver diseases.

Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Poster + Paper

Multi-scale photoacoustic microscopy by integrating optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy and acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy using multi-dimension optical fiber

Lingfang Song, Jianshuang Wei, Xianlin Song

Proceedings Volume 11622, 116220U (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2583418

KEYWORDS: Imaging systems, Photoacoustic microscopy, Tissue optics, Photoacoustic imaging, Tumors, Tissues, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Image resolution, Biomedical optics, Acoustics

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Poster + Presentation + Paper

Virtual Airy-beam photoacoustic microscopy for large volumetric imaging based on K-Wave matlab toolbox

Ganyu Chen, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song, Xianlin Song

Proceedings Volume 11642, 1164248 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2582951

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic microscopy, Image resolution, MATLAB, Signal processing, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Photoacoustic imaging, Imaging systems, Signal to noise ratio, Optical imaging, Objectives

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Poster + Presentation + Paper

Research on the photon transmission and heat transfer between pulsed laser and human brain based on COMSOL

Ao Teng, Lingfang Song, Jianshuang Wei, Xianlin Song

Proceedings Volume 11642, 116423Y (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2582921

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Poster + Paper

Virtual Bessel-beam photoacoustic microscopy with extended depth of field using k-Wave

Xueyan Liu, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song, Xianlin Song

Proceedings Volume 11642, 116424D (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2582900

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic microscopy, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Photoacoustic imaging, Image resolution, Bessel beams, Virtual reality, Tissue optics, Imaging systems, Gaussian beams, Tumors

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Photoacoustic imaging technology is a new imaging technology has emerged in recent years, which combines the advantages of optical imaging and acoustic imaging, optical imaging and acoustic imaging have their own advantages, optical imaging has rich contrast , acoustic imaging has high resolution and high penetration. Photoacoustic imaging has been widely used in biomedical fields, such as brain imaging, tumor detection. As an important branch of photoacoustic imaging technology, optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy can be applied from cells to tissues. However, the traditional optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy usually uses a tight focused gaussian beam, the depth-of-field is small, and it is difficult to achieve rapid large volumetric imaging. In order to overcome this issue, researchers have proposed many solutions, one of which is to replace gaussian beams with non-diffracted beams. Bessel beam, as a nondiffracted beam, has a large depth of field. We applied it to optical -resolution photoacoustic microscopy. In reality, the cost of building such a Bessel-beam photoacoustic microscopy is relatively high and the system is complicated. Therefore, a virtual simulation technology is urgently needed for simulation research. Here, we proposed a virtual simulation platform of Bessel-beam photoacoustic microscopy based on k-Wave. The platform generates Bessel beam in the focus area of the objective lens by the circular slit, and the Bessel beam irradiates on the sample to generate the initial photoacoustic pressure field in a wide depth range. The k-Wave is used to simulate the propagation of photoacoustic fields, record photoacoustic signals and image reconstruction. The three-dimensional imaging of vascular network further verifies the large depth of field of Bessel-beam photoacoustic microscopy simulation platform. The establishment of the simulation platform is of great significance to the theoretical research of Bessel-beam photoacoustic microscopy and its application in biomedicine.

Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Presentation + Paper

A novel method for the generation of linear structured illumination for structured illumination microscopy

Xianlin Song, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11622, 1162206 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2581408

KEYWORDS: Spatial frequencies, Microscopy, Phase modulation, Microscopes, Phase shift keying, Modulation, Imaging systems, Diffraction, Super resolution, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Poster + Paper

Simulation platform of photoacoustic spectrum analysis based on k-space pseudospectral method

Xianlin Song, Jianshuang Wei, Jiang Qi, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11622, 116220X (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2581403

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Signal detection, Spectrum analysis, Signal processing, Signal analyzers, Analytical research, Tissue optics, Photoacoustic imaging, Nondestructive evaluation, Medical imaging

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Presentation + Paper

Vortex-beam photoacoustic microscopy for enhancing the depth of field

Cong Liu, Jiahao Zeng, Xianlin Song, Ao Teng, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song, Xueyan Liu

Proceedings Volume 11642, 116423R (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2589253

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Microrings, Tissues, Signal detection, Resonators, Ultrasonics, Finite element methods, Photoacoustic imaging, Brain, Pulsed laser operation

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Photoacoustic imaging technology is a new functional imaging method in biomedical application field. It is based on photoacoustic effect. It combines the advantages of high resolution and rich contrast of optical imaging with the advantages of high penetration depth of acoustic imaging. It can be used for noninvasive detection of structural, functional and molecular abnormalities in biological tissues, Multi scale information of micro and macro world is detected. Photoacoustic microscope is a micro imaging device based on photoacoustic effect. It can measure the amplitude and phase of photoacoustic signals generated at different positions on the solid surface, so as to determine the optical properties, thermal properties, elasticity or geometric structure of samples. However, the traditional optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy imaging system usually uses strong focused Gaussian beam, which has long imaging time and weak penetrating ability, so it is difficult to achieve fast imaging of solid inner surface. The vortex beam has the characteristics of spiral wavefront structure, circular distribution of light intensity, definite orbital angular momentum and phase singularity. Based on the above characteristics, vortex light has high directivity, wide frequency band and wide bandwidth, which can be used for deep and efficient penetrating imaging of inner surface. In this paper, Matlab is used to generate the ideal and transmitted vortex light phase diagram and spot, and then k-wave simulation software is used to build the virtual simulation platform of vortex photoacoustic microscopy imaging system. In the MATLAB simulation, the vortex light beam irradiates on the vascular cells to image the vascular tissue. The results show that vorticity light has better penetrating ability and faster imaging speed than Gaussian light. This study is helpful to detect the deep structure and properties of vascular cells by using vortex light, and put forward a new idea for the deep fast imaging of solid surface.

Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Presentation + Paper

Analysis on the photonic transmission and heat transfer of pulsed laser and breast cancer based on COMSOL multiphysics

Xianlin Song, Yuli Li, Ao Teng, Bo Li, Qiming He, Jinhong Zhang, Aojie Zhao, Zihao Li, Hao Chen, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song, Cong Liu

Proceedings Volume 11622, 116220N (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2589051

KEYWORDS: Breast, Breast cancer, Tumors, Tumor growth modeling, Photoacoustic imaging, Mammary gland, Laser tissue interaction, Tissues, Oncology, Cancer

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Presentation + Paper

Spectrum analysis of photoacoustic signal based on COMSOL

Xianlin Song, Shuilong Wang, Xian Li, Ao Teng, Jianshuang Wei, Aojie Zhao, Bo Li, Zihao Li, Qiming He, Jinhong Zhang, Linfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11642, 116423S (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2589250

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Spectrum analysis, Signal analyzers, Laser tissue interaction, Tumors, Light wave propagation, Light, Diffusion, Ultrasonics, Temperature metrology

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The study of the relationship between the spectral characteristics of the photoacoustic signal and the size, density and shape of the absorber is of great significance to image reconstruction and is of great practical significance to the better application of photoacoustic imaging in the medical field. This paper uses the simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics to design a two-dimensional simulation model based on finite element to study the relationship between the spectral characteristics of the photoacoustic signal and the properties of the absorber. In this study, the model consists of three parts: 1) water layer; 2) short pulse laser source (wavelength of 840nm); 3) gastric tumor tissue. The laser point source is located in the middle of the upper water layer. By solving the diffusion equation and the biological heat equation, respectively, the propagation of light in the water layer and the temperature change in biological tissues are simulated. When the absorber is irradiated by a Gaussian pulsed laser, due to the extremely short time, the absorber can be regarded as adiabatic expansion after absorbing energy, thereby generating ultrasonic waves. Using the finite element analysis method, the complex situation of photoacoustic imaging is transformed into the coupling of multiple physical fields, and the photoacoustic signal is obtained by numerical calculation of partial differential equations. Analyzing the simulation results, it is found that the spectral characteristics of the photoacoustic signal are closely related to the size of the absorber. The relationship obtained in this simulation experiment is: the spectral intercept and the size of the absorber have a power function relationship, the larger the size, the larger the spectral intercept , And the growth rate increases with the increase of the size; the spectral slope and the size of the absorber also have a power function relationship, the larger the size, the smaller the spectral slope, and the rate of change of the slope decreases with the increase of the size. For the relationship between the spectral characteristics and density of the photoacoustic signal, the intercept and slope characteristics are opposite. As the density of the photoacoustic absorber increases, the spectral slope of the photoacoustic signal increases, and the spectral intercept of the photoacoustic signal decreases. The photoacoustic signals and spectrograms of different shapes of absorbers have their own characteristics. The research results in this paper can promote the research of photoacoustic imaging and can better apply photoacoustic imaging in the medical field.

Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Poster + Presentation + Paper

Optimal design of conical concave acoustic lens for large volumetric photoacoustic microscopy based on ray tracing

Zouhua Chen, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song, Xianlin Song

Proceedings Volume 11642, 1164249 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2583059

KEYWORDS: Acoustics, Photoacoustic microscopy, Ray tracing, Ultrasonics, Prisms, Photoacoustic imaging, Spherical lenses, Photoacoustic tomography, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Image resolution

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Poster + Paper

Ultrafast axial-scanning multifocus photoacoustic microscope with extended depth-of-field based on a tunable acoustic gradient lens and fiber delay network

Xianlin Song, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11621, 116210T (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2581409

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Microscopes, Acoustics, Tissue optics, Ultrafast imaging, Ultrafast phenomena, Photoacoustic imaging, Ultrasonics, Tungsten

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Poster + Presentation + Paper

Numerical study of the interaction of photons with mouse brain based on Monte Carlo method

Xiaohai Yu, Rui Wang, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song, Xianlin Song

Proceedings Volume 11634, 116340N (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2582971

KEYWORDS: Brain, Absorption, Skull, Photons, Scattering, Monte Carlo methods, Neuroimaging, Light scattering, Cerebrum, Optical imaging

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The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon and brainstem. The cerebrum is the superlative part of the central nervous system and also the main part of the brain. There are differences and similarities between humans and mouse. The study of mouse brain model is helpful to understand the process in clinical trials and also has reference significance for the study of human brain. Therefore, the study of mouse brain is particularly important. As the skull has a large scattering effect on light, it is difficult for us to image the brain through the skull directly. Therefore, we often use methods such as optical clearing or thin skull to reduce or remove the influence of the skull on imaging. In this paper, the transmission of photons in mouse brain was studied using Monte Carlo method. In the study of photon trajectories, the photon distribution without intact skull went farther in both longitudinal and transverse directions compared with that of with intact skull. In terms of the optical absorption density and fluence rate. On the condition of with intact skull, the distribution of optical absorption density and fluence rate was fusiform and rounder on the whole. The radial distribution range of optical absorption density and fluence rate was 0.25 cm, which was approximately 2.5 times of that of with intact skull. In the depth direction, due to the strong scattering and absorption of the scalp and skull, the optical absorption density dropped sharply from 0.890 cm^-1 to 0.415 cm^-1 . When the photons arrived at the gray matter layer, only a few photons were reserved. Due to the strong absorption and scattering effect of the gray matter layer, only a few photons left, the optical absorption density increased from 0.415 cm^-1 to 0.592 cm^-1 , and then decreased again. When the depth was 1.35 cm, the optical absorption density dropped to 0 cm-1 . After removing the skull, due to the weak absorption and scattering effect of normal saline and cerebrospinal fluid, the optical absorption density was low (0.119 cm^-1 ) and dropped slowly. When the photons arrived at the gray matter layer, most of the photons were reserved. Due to the strong absorption and scattering effect of the gray matter layer, the optical absorption density increased from 0.117 cm^-1 to 0.812 cm^-1 , then the optical absorption density decreased to 0 cm^-1at a depth of 1.35 cm. The distribution of radiant fluence rate is similar to that of optical absorption density. This study will provide reference and theoretical guidance for the optical imaging of mouse brain and the study of the mouse and human brain.

Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Poster + Paper

Synthetic large volumetric optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy using morphological pyramid fusion

Xianlin Song, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11634, 116340T (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2581370

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic microscopy, Image fusion, Tissue optics, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Microscopes, Ultrasonics, Tissues, Skull, Photoacoustic imaging, Medical research

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Presentation + Paper

Simulation platform of Bessel-beam photoacoustic microscopy using k-wave

Xianlin Song, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11622, 116220S (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2581405

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic microscopy, Tissue optics, Photoacoustic imaging, Bessel beams, Virtual reality, Ultrasonography, Ultrasonics, Tissues, Spatial resolution, Raster graphics

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Poster + Presentation + Paper

Simulation platform of compressed sensing photoacoustic tomography based on k-wave

Aojie Zhao, Jiahui Liu, Jianshuang Wei, Qiming He, Bo Li, Jinhong Zhang, Lingfang Song, Xianlin Song

Proceedings Volume 11642, 116424A (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2582968

KEYWORDS: Compressed sensing, Photoacoustic tomography, Photoacoustic imaging, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Virtual reality, Data storage, Computer simulations, Biomedical optics, Reconstruction algorithms, Nondestructive evaluation

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2021 Poster + Presentation + Paper

Deep learning denoising method of photoacoustic microscopy

Xianlin Song, Kanggao Tang, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11642, 116423J (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2583130

KEYWORDS: Denoising, Signal to noise ratio, Image quality, Image processing, Photoacoustic microscopy, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Photoacoustic imaging, Convolutional neural networks, Image segmentation, Tumors

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Proceedings Article | 28 February 2021 Paper

Deep-learning denoising convolutional neural network for photoacoustic microscopy

Xianlin Song, Kanggao Tang, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11781, 117810L (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2591380

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Proceedings Article | 28 February 2021 Paper

Research on spectrum analysis of photoacoustic signal based on COMSOL platform

Xianlin Song, Shuilong Wang, Xian Li, Ao Teng, Zhouhua Chen, Jianshuang Wei, Aojie Zhao, Bo Li, Zihao Li, Qiming He, Jinhong Zhang, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11781, 117811O (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2591387

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The study of the relationship between the spectral characteristics of the photoacoustic signal and the shape and size of the absorber has important practical significance for image reconstruction. Using the commercial finite element simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics, a two-dimensional simulation model based on finite element was designed, which studied the relationship between the spectral characteristics of the photoacoustic signal and the shape and size of the absorber. In this study, the model consists of three parts: 1) water layer; 2) short pulse laser source (wavelength of 840nm); 3) gastric tumor tissue. The laser point source is located in the middle of the upper water layer. Simulate the propagation of light in the water layer by solving the diffusion equation. The temperature changes in biological tissues are obtained by solving the biothermal equation. When the absorber is irradiated by Gaussian pulses, due to the extremely short time, the absorber can be regarded as adiabatic expansion after absorbing energy, thereby generating ultrasonic waves. Using the finite element analysis method, the complex situation of photoacoustic imaging is transformed into the coupling of multiple physical fields and the numerical calculation of partial differential equations to obtain the photoacoustic signal. Fitting the simulation results shows that the spectral characteristics of the photoacoustic signal change regularly with the size of the absorber. The size of the absorber obtained in this paper has a power function relationship with the spectral intercept. The larger the size, the larger the spectral intercept, and the growth rate increases with the increase of the size. The size of the absorber and the spectral slope also have a power function relationship. The slope of the large spectrum is smaller, and the rate of change of the slope decreases as the size increases. At the same time, analyzing the photoacoustic spectrum of absorbers of different shapes also shows that absorbers of different shapes have their own characteristics. This research is helpful to understand the relationship between spectral characteristics and the shape and size of the absorber, and has certain theoretical guiding significance for image reconstruction.

Proceedings Article | 28 February 2021 Paper

Finite element simulation of the interaction between pulsed laser and mouse brain

Xianlin Song, Ao Teng, Hao Chen, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11781, 117811N (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2591382

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Proceedings Article | 28 February 2021 Paper

Construction of breast cancer photoacoustic imaging model based on COMSOL

Xianlin Song, Yuli Li, Ao Teng, Zhipeng Zhang, Qiming He, Jinhong Zhang, Aojie Zhao, Bo Li, Zihao Li, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11781, 117810P (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2591388

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Proceedings Article | 28 February 2021 Paper

Airy-beam photoacoustic microscope imaging platform based on k-space pseudo-spectral method

Xianlin Song, Ganyu Chen, Xueyan Liu, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11781, 117810O (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2591386

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As an emerging nondestructive imaging technology recently, Photoacoustic imaging (PAI), which is based on Photoacoustic effect, combines the advantages: the high resolution and contrast of optical imaging and the high penetration depth of acoustic imaging. Thereinto, as a branch of Photoacoustic imaging, Photoacoustic microimaging inherited the advantages of Photoacoustic imaging. The unique focusing mode of Photoacoustic microimaging can meet the requirements of higher resolution in biological imaging, thus, it gained extensive applications in medical science field. However, on account of using high numerical aperture objective lens strongly focus on Gaussian beam, traditional Photoacoustic microimaging system has shallow depth of imaging field, and its transverse resolution and signal-to-noise ratio deteriorate rapidly outside the focal point, limiting the velocity of large volume imaging. Owing to solve these problems, in this paper, we build a simulation platform for Airy beam photoacoustic microscopy based on K-Wave simulation toolbox. This platform uses Airy beam to inspire initial Photoacoustic signal in large volume and K-Wave simulation toolbox to simulate the propagation, recording and reconstruction process of Photoacoustic signal. As Nondiffraction beam, Airy beam features the capacity of large depth of field, thus, its application could reach the requirement of large depth of field imaging of Photoacoustic microscopy system. Measuring the performances of the constructed Photoacoustic microscopy system, we constructed three-dimensional imaging of the blood vessel. By simulating A-Scan, B-Scan and C-Scan, we measured the performances of this system, such as axial resolution, transverse resolution and depth of field. Meanwhile, the three-dimensional imaging of the vertically tilted fiber also verified the three-dimensional imaging capability of the Airy beam photoacoustic microscopy simulation platform. The establishment of the simulation platform has a significance for the theoretical research of photoacoustic microscopy and its application in biomedicine.

Proceedings Article | 22 February 2021 Presentation + Paper

A novel method for generating linear structured illumination using phase modulation

Xianlin Song, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11610, 116100V (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2581288

KEYWORDS: Bessel beams, Structured light, Phase modulation, Prisms, Phase shift keying, Modulation, Digital micromirror devices, Diffraction, Axicons, Wavefronts

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Proceedings Article | 15 February 2021 Poster + Paper

Photoacoustic spectrum analysis based on k-Wave: simulation study

Xianlin Song, Jianshuang Wei, Jiang Qi, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11602, 116021F (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2580237

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Proceedings Article | 15 February 2021 Presentation + Paper

Simulation platform of large volumetric photoacoustic microscopy based on k-space pseudospectral method

Xianlin Song, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11600, 1160019 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2580205

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic microscopy, Tissue optics, Photoacoustic imaging, Bessel beams, Virtual reality, Ultrasonography, Ultrasonics, Tissues, Spatial resolution, Raster graphics

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Proceedings Article | 2 December 2020 Paper

Research on the interaction between pulsed laser and brain tissue based on COMSOL

Xianlin Song, Ao Teng, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11717, 117171A (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2586497

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Proceedings Article | 2 December 2020 Paper

Analysis of the influence of skull on photon transmission based on Monte Carlo method

Xianlin Song, Rui Wang, Xiaohai Yu, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11717, 1171722 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2587197

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Proceedings Article | 8 November 2020 Poster + Presentation + Paper

Transmission of photons in mouse brain using Monte Carlo method: simulation study

Rui Wang, Xiaohai Yu, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song, Xianlin Song

Proceedings Volume 11525, 115252K (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2584026

KEYWORDS: Brain, Absorption, Photons, Skull, Monte Carlo methods, Scattering, Neuroimaging, Light scattering, Cerebrum, Optical imaging

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The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon and brainstem. The cerebrum is the superlative part of the central nervous system and also the main part of the brain. There are differences and similarities between humans and mouse. The study of mouse brain model is helpful to understand the process in clinical trials and also has reference significance for the study of human brain. Therefore, the study of mouse brain is particularly important. As the skull has a large scattering effect on light, it is difficult for us to image the brain through the skull directly. Therefore, we often use methods such as optical clearing or thin skull to reduce or remove the influence of the skull on imaging. In this paper, the transmission of photons in mouse brain was studied using Monte Carlo method. In the study of photon trajectories, the photon distribution without intact skull went farther in both longitudinal and transverse directions compared with that of with intact skull. In terms of the optical absorption density and fluence rate. On the condition of with intact skull, the distribution of optical absorption density and fluence rate was fusiform and rounder on the whole. The radial distribution range of optical absorption density and fluence rate was 0.25 cm, which was approximately 2.5 times of that of with intact skull. In the depth direction, due to the strong scattering and absorption of the scalp and skull, the optical absorption density dropped sharply from 0.890 cm^-1 to 0.415 cm^-1. When the photons arrived at the gray matter layer, only a few photons were reserved. Due to the strong absorption and scattering effect of the gray matter layer, only a few photons left, the optical absorption density increased from 0.415 cm^-1 to 0.592 cm^-1, and then decreased again. When the depth was 1.35 cm, the optical absorption density dropped to 0 cm^-1. After removing the skull, due to the weak absorption and scattering effect of normal saline and cerebrospinal fluid, the optical absorption density was low (0.119 cm^-1) and dropped slowly. When the photons arrived at the gray matter layer, most of the photons were reserved. Due to the strong absorption and scattering effect of the gray matter layer, the optical absorption density increased from 0.117 cm^-1 to 0.812 cm^-1, then the optical absorption density decreased to 0 cm^-1 at a depth of 1.35 cm. The distribution of radiant fluence rate is similar to that of optical absorption density. This study will provide reference and theoretical guidance for the optical imaging of mouse brain and the study of the mouse and human brain.

Proceedings Article | 8 November 2020 Poster + Paper

Multifocus optical-resolution photoacoustic microscope for large volumetric imaging using tunable acoustic gradient lens and optical delay method

Xianlin Song, Lingfang Song, Jianshuang Wei

Proceedings Volume 11525, 115252R (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2584959

KEYWORDS: Tissue optics, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Imaging systems, Acoustics, Microscopes, Photoacoustic imaging, Tumors, Tissues, Image resolution, Biomedical optics

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Proceedings Article | 8 November 2020 Poster + Paper

Optimization method to eliminate the influence of the conical acoustic lens on the transmission of laser beam using ZEMAX

Xianlin Song, Zouhua Chen, Qiming He, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11525, 115252O (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2584877

KEYWORDS: Acoustics, Zemax, Photoacoustic microscopy, Ultrasonics, Prisms, Photoacoustic tomography, Spherical lenses, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Photoacoustic imaging, Image resolution

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Photoacoustic tomography is a new medical imaging technology with the advantages of high resolution, high contrast and high penetration depth. There are three common photoacoustic imaging methods in practical applications: photoacoustic microscopic imaging (PAM), photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT), photoacoustic tomography (PAE). As an important branch of photoacoustic imaging, photoacoustic microimaging combines high contrast of optical imaging with high resolution of ultrasonic imaging. In photoacoustic microimaging system, acoustooptic coupling prism is a very important component, which is usually composed of irregular prism and spherical concave acoustic lens at the bottom. Its function is to carry out optical transmission and ultrasonic detection. The ultrasonic depth of field of spherical concave acoustic lens is limited. In order to overcome this defect, researchers propose to use conical concave acoustic lens to produce Bessel sound beam to realize large depth of field ultrasonic detection. But the conical concave acoustic lens affects laser focusing and imaging. In order to solve this problem, we propose an optimization method to eliminate the influence of conical concave acoustic lens on beam transmission. A calibration mirror is added to the acoustooptic coupling prism with conical concave acoustic lens at the bottom, and the deterioration of the cone concave acoustic lens to the beam transmission is eliminated by optimizing the surface shape and thickness of the calibration mirror by Zemax. The optimization effect is evaluated by analyzing the spot. The simulation results show that the optimization method can eliminate the influence of the conical concave acoustic lens on the beam transmission, make the focal point and the focal point keep the coaxial focus, and improve the detection efficiency of the photoacoustic signal. This work is of theoretical significance for the systematic study of large depth of field photoacoustic microimaging.

Proceedings Article | 8 November 2020 Poster + Paper

Bessel ultrasonic probe for large depth of field using conical acoustic lens

Xianlin Song, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11525, 1152521 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2579820

KEYWORDS: Ultrasonics, Transducers, Acoustics, Spherical lenses, Lens design, Ultrasonography, Silica, Sensors, Prisms, Photoacoustic microscopy

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Proceedings Article | 8 November 2020 Poster + Presentation + Paper

Simulation study of interaction of pulse laser with brain using COMSOL

Ao Teng, Wei Yang, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song, Xianlin Song

Proceedings Volume 11525, 115252J (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2584025

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Proceedings Article | 8 November 2020 Poster + Paper

Denoising method for photoacoustic microscopy using deep learning

Kanggao Tang, Bo Li, Jinhong Zhang, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song, Xianlin Song

Proceedings Volume 11525, 115252P (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2584879

KEYWORDS: Denoising, Signal to noise ratio, Photoacoustic microscopy, Image quality, Image processing, Photoacoustic imaging, Convolutional neural networks, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Image segmentation, Tumors

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Proceedings Article | 8 November 2020 Poster + Paper

Bessel-beam photoacoustic microscopy based on k-space pseudospectral method: simulation study

Xianlin Song, Xueyan Liu, Xiaokai Zhou, Aojie Zhao, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11525, 115252M (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2584874

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic microscopy, Tissue optics, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Image resolution, Biomedical optics, Bessel beams, Virtual reality, Photoacoustic imaging, Imaging systems, Gaussian beams

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Photoacoustic imaging technology is a new imaging technology has emerged in recent years, which combines the advantages of optical imaging and acoustic imaging, optical imaging and acoustic imaging have their own advantages, optical imaging has rich contrast , acoustic imaging has high resolution and high penetration. Photoacoustic imaging has been widely used in biomedical fields, such as brain imaging, tumor detection. As an important branch of photoacoustic imaging technology, optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy can be applied from cells to tissues. However, the traditional optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy usually uses a tight focused gaussian beam, the depth-of-field is small, and it is difficult to achieve rapid large volumetric imaging. In order to overcome this issue, researchers have proposed many solutions, one of which is to replace gaussian beams with non-diffracted beams. Bessel beam, as a nondiffracted beam, has a large depth of field. We applied it to optical -resolution photoacoustic microscopy. In reality, the cost of building such a Bessel-beam photoacoustic microscopy is relatively high and the system is complicated. Therefore, a virtual simulation technology is urgently needed for simulation research. Here, we proposed a virtual simulation platform of Bessel-beam photoacoustic microscopy based on k-Wave toolbox. The platform generates Bessel beam in the focus area of the objective lens by the circular slit, and the Bessel beam irradiates on the sample to generate the initial photoacoustic pressure field in a wide depth range. The K-Wave toolbox is used to simulate the propagation of photoacoustic fields, record photoacoustic signals and image reconstruction. The system can image a vascular network. The three-dimensional imaging of vascular network further verifies the large depth of field of Bessel-beam photoacoustic microscopy simulation platform. The establishment of the simulation platform is of great significance to the theoretical research of Bessel-beam photoacoustic microscopy and its application in biomedicine.

Proceedings Article | 8 November 2020 Poster + Paper

Deconvolution optical-resolution photoacoustic microscope for high-resolution imaging of brain

Xianlin Song, Lingfang Song, Anqing Chen, Jianshuang Wei

Proceedings Volume 11525, 115252N (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2584875

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Proceedings Article | 8 November 2020 Poster + Paper

Large volumetric optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy based on contourlet transform fusion

Xianlin Song, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11525, 115252F (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2581366

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic microscopy, Image fusion, Tissue optics, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Microscopes, Ultrasonics, Tissues, Principal component analysis, Photoacoustic imaging, Medical research

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Proceedings Article | 8 November 2020 Poster + Paper

Fast focus-scanning optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy with extended depth of field

Xianlin Song, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11525, 115252E (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2581329

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic microscopy, Focus stacking, Tissue optics, Ultrasonics, Tissues, Lens design, Spatial resolution, Signal generators, Pulsed laser operation, Photoacoustic imaging

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Photoacoustic imaging is a promising technique that combines optical contrast with ultrasonic detection to map the distribution of the absorbing pigments in biological tissues. Optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) is an important branch of PAM that can achieve spatial resolutions at the submicron level. In the OR-PAM, the laser light is tightly focused into the sample to achieve sharp excitation. However, in OR-PAM, the depth of field (DoF) is quite limited, for it is determined by the optical focus. The short DoF hinders OR-PAM from high-quality three-dimensional volumetric imaging or acquiring dynamic information in depth direction. Here, we developed a fast focus-scanning optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy with extended depth of field by using tunable acoustic gradient lens (TAG). The TAG lens was designed to continuously changing the focal plane of OR-PAM by modulating its refractive power with fast-changing ultrasonic standing wave. A function generator generates a sinusoidal signal to drive the TAG lens at an eigenmode. The focusing power of the TAG lens will exhibit a sinusoidal oscillation at the frequency of the driving signal. By using home-made synchronization circuit to synchronize the laser pulse with the three vibration states of TAG lens in turn, the focal plane shifts periodically with each step in a B scan. In our experiments, the axial scanning time is as low as 1 ms, which is at least an order faster than any other axial scanning method in OR-PAM, to the best of our knowledge. Faster focus scanning could be achieved as long as we have a laser with higher repetition. The performance was shown by imaging a tungsten wire. We achieved a DoF of about 750 μm, which is three times of that of OR-PAM with single fixed focus. The head of a zebrafish was also imaged to further demonstrate the feasibility of our method. Our system could be used for various applications, including the in vivo imaging of non-flat thick biological tissues and samples subject to breathing movements.

Proceedings Article | 8 November 2020 Poster + Paper

Three-dimensional large volumetric photoacoustic microscopy using Airy-beam

Xianlin Song, Ganyu Chen, Xiaokai Zhou, Lingfang Song, Aojie Zhao, Jianshuang Wei

Proceedings Volume 11525, 115252Q (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2584883

KEYWORDS: Photoacoustic microscopy, Image resolution, 3D photoacoustic microscopy, Signal processing, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Photoacoustic imaging, Imaging systems, Signal to noise ratio, Optical imaging, Objectives

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Proceedings Article | 10 October 2020 Presentation + Paper

A holographic method for generating axial cosinoidal structured light using spatial light modulator

Xianlin Song, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11551, 115511A (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2569660

KEYWORDS: Modulators, Phase shift keying, Modulation, Prisms, Bessel beams, Optical tweezers, Optical micromanipulation, Holography, Wavefronts, Gaussian beams

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Proceedings Article | 10 October 2020 Poster + Presentation + Paper

Computed extended depth of field optical-resolution photoacoustic microscope using wavelet transform fusion

Xianlin Song, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11553, 115531I (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2569659

KEYWORDS: Image fusion, Wavelets, Wavelet transforms, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Focus stacking, Microscopes, In vivo imaging, Image quality

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Proceedings Article | 10 October 2020 Poster + Presentation + Paper

Synthetic multi-focus optical-resolution photoacoustic microscope using multi-scale weighted gradient-based fusion

Xianlin Song, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11549, 115490V (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2569939

KEYWORDS: Microscopes, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Focus stacking, Photoacoustic microscopy, Gaussian beams, Medical research, Biological research, Structural imaging, Neuroimaging, Brain

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Proceedings Article | 4 October 2020 Poster + Paper

Simulation study of the transmission of photons in mouse brain using Monte Carlo method

Xianlin Song, Rui Wang, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11575, 115750G (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2582970

KEYWORDS: Brain, Absorption, Photons, Skull, Monte Carlo methods, Scattering, Neuroimaging, Light scattering, Cerebrum, Optical imaging

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The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon and brainstem. The cerebrum is the superlative part of the central nervous system and also the main part of the brain. There are differences and similarities between humans and mouse. The study of mouse brain model is helpful to understand the process in clinical trials and also has reference significance for the study of human brain. Therefore, the study of mouse brain is particularly important. As the skull has a large scattering effect on light, it is difficult for us to image the brain through the skull directly. Therefore, we often use methods such as optical clearing or thin skull to reduce or remove the influence of the skull on imaging. In this paper, the transmission of photons in mouse brain was studied using Monte Carlo method. In the study of photon trajectories, the photon distribution without intact skull went farther in both longitudinal and transverse directions compared with that of with intact skull. In terms of the optical absorption density and fluence rate. On the condition of with intact skull, the distribution of optical absorption density and fluence rate was fusiform and rounder on the whole. The radial distribution range of optical absorption density and fluence rate was 0.25 cm, which was approximately 2.5 times of that of with intact skull. In the depth direction, due to the strong scattering and absorption of the scalp and skull, the optical absorption density dropped sharply from 0.890 cm^-1 to 0.415 cm^-1. When the photons arrived at the gray matter layer, only a few photons were reserved. Due to the strong absorption and scattering effect of the gray matter layer, only a few photons left, the optical absorption density increased from 0.415 cm^-1 to 0.592 cm^-1, and then decreased again. When the depth was 1.35 cm, the optical absorption density dropped to 0 cm^-1. After removing the skull, due to the weak absorption and scattering effect of normal saline and cerebrospinal fluid, the optical absorption density was low (0.119 cm^-1) and dropped slowly. When the photons arrived at the gray matter layer, most of the photons were reserved. Due to the strong absorption and scattering effect of the gray matter layer, the optical absorption density increased from 0.117 cm^-1 to 0.812 cm^-1, then the optical absorption density decreased to 0 cm^-1 at a depth of 1.35 cm. The distribution of radiant fluence rate is similar to that of optical absorption density. This study will provide reference and theoretical guidance for the optical imaging of mouse brain and the study of the mouse and human brain.

Proceedings Article | 4 October 2020 Poster + Paper

Deep-learning denoising method for photoacoustic microscopy using convolutional neural networks

Xianlin Song, Kanggao Tang, Jianshuang Wei, Lingfang Song

Proceedings Volume 11575, 115750I (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2583136

KEYWORDS: Denoising, Convolutional neural networks, Signal to noise ratio, Image quality, Image processing, Photoacoustic microscopy, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Photoacoustic imaging, Image segmentation, Tumors

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