We present a special high spectral resolution lidar (HSRL) by using a novel tunable fiber based transmitter. The transmitter can produce 50μJ pulse energy at 1064nm and >25μJ pulse energy at 532nm with 10 kHz repetition rate, 5ns pulse width, respectively. A key advantage of the transmitter is the frequency-tunability. The laser can be tuned over the Iodine absorption lines from 1111 to 1104. The laser has a ~130MHz linewidth at 1064nm close to the transform limit linewidth ~ 88MHz for a pulse width of 5ns. Even though it was not frequency locked, the laser has very good frequency stability, which is on the order of ~200MHz over minutes. The beam quality M2 is less than 1.5. All the preliminary transmitter parameters meet the basic requirements of a HSRL. The transmitter was implemented in UMBC’s lidar lab that includes a ceiling hatch to enable vertical propagation and viewing of transmitted laser beams into the atmosphere. The atmospheric measurement demonstrates good agreement of the signal to the model Rayleigh decay over the profile range with no significant deviations. Most importantly, these results show that the measurement successfully suppresses the Mie scattering from clouds while recovering the full molecular signal as expected.
5W peak power at 911 nm is demonstrated with a pulsed Neodymium (Nd) doped fiber master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA). This result is the first reported high gain (16dB) fiber amplifier operation at 911nm. Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and duty-cycle dependence of the all fiber system is characterized. Negligible performance degreadation is observed down to 1% duty cycle and 10 kHz PRF, where 2.5μJ of pulse energy is achieved. Continuous wave (CW) MOPA experiments achieved 55mW average power and 9dB gain with 15% optical to optical (o-o) efficiency. Excellent agreement is established between dynammic fiber MOPA simulation tool and experimental results in predicting output amplified spontaneous emission (ase) and signal pulse shapes. Using the simulation tool robust Stimulated Brillion Scattering (SBS) free operation is predicted out of a two stage all fiber system that generates over 10W's of peak power with 500 MHz line-width. An all fiber 911 nm pulsed laser source with >10W of peak power is expected to increase reliability and reduce complexity of high energy 455 nm laser system based on optical parametric amplification for udnerwater applications. The views expressed are thos of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government.
Novel tapered Yb-doped polarization-maintaining (PM) large-mode-area (LMA) fibers were fabricated, with 25/250μm
and 40/400μm core/clad at each end, and used in the last stage of a multi-stage Yb-fiber MOPA. The fiber-MOPA is
controlled by high-speed FPGA for real-time control of the seed laser diode modulation, electro-optic modulator and
acousto-optic modulator. Stable 0.3nsec pulses at 10kHz rate with 0.3mJ pulse energy (1MW peak power) is
demonstrated. At 1nsec pulsewidth, scaling to >0.5mJ pulse energy is demonstrated. Polarization extinction ratio of
17dB is obtained with diffraction limited beam quality and excellent (<3%) power stability. Such compact and robust
pulsed fiber amplifiers enable next generation of airborne and space lidar transmitters.
KW level fiber based MOPA laser system at 1064nm for uplink deep space communication is developed and
characterized. System achieves 11.5 kW peak power (600W average power) at 500 kHz (5% duty cycle) with >70%
optical conversion efficiency. Experiments using 16-ary PPM format are presented where without pre-pulse shaping
>±60% pulse energy variation is observed. Gain dynamics is identified as main source of pulse to pulse energy
fluctuation. Novel, FPGA implementable open loop pulse shaping algorithm is developed and demonstrated. Resulting
pulse energy statistics are reported, where <±7% pulse energy variation is achieved for 90% of pulses.
We demonstrate a multi-channel architecture for nsec pulsed lidar transmitter, scalable to larger channel counts via
wavelength- and time-multiplexing in a multi-stage Yb-fiber amplifier. This technology enables lidar systems for
topographic mapping missions, requiring much greater spatial coverage and range resolution. We demonstrate prototype
hardware, where wavelength channels at 1060nm, 1061nm and 1064nm are multiplexed, and precise 1.3nsec pulse using
LiNbO3 electro-optic(EO) modulators, at a combined repetition rate of 1MHz, with equal time interleaving between the
wavelengths. The multiplexed pulses are amplified to >20W average power, in an optimized three-stage Yb-fiber
amplifier system. We show simple de-multiplexing and frequency-doubling of one of the wavelengths (1064nm). Highspeed
FPGA based control provides for independent and programmable control of the pulse rate, timing trigger,
pulsewidth, and the intra-pulse-pattern for improved detection schemes.
We present results on the design, development and initial testing of a fiber-optic based RF-modulated lidar transmitter
operating at 532nm, for underwater imaging application in littoral waters. The design implementation is based on using
state-of-the-art high-speed FPGAs, thereby producing optical waveforms with arbitrary digital-RF-modulated pulse
patterns with carrier frequencies ≥ 3GHz, with a repetition rate of 0.5-1MHz, and with average powers ≥5W (at 532nm).
Use of RF-modulated bursts above 500MHz, instead of single optical pulse lidar detection, reduces the effect of
volumetric backscatter for underwater imaging application, leading to an improved signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) and
contrast, for a given range. Initial underwater target detection tests conducted at Patuxent River Naval Air Station, MD,
in a large water-tank facility, validates the advantages of this hybrid-lidar-radar (HLR) approach for improved
underwater imaging, over a wide range of turbidity levels and both white and black targets. The compact, robust and
power-efficient fiber laser architecture lends very well to lidar sensor integration on unmanned-underwater-vehicle
(UUV) platforms. HLR transmitters can also provide similar advantages in active-sensing situations dominated by
continuous backscatter, e.g. underwater communications, imaging through smoke and fire environment, rotor-craft
landing in degraded visual environment, and pointing-tracking of active-EO sensors through fog.
Coherent Laser Radar is a powerful remote sensing tool, which can be applied to range-finding, target
discrimination, vibrometric monitoring, air pollution monitoring, aircraft wake-vortex and clear-air turbulence
analysis. A high power, highly efficient, near diffraction limited and highly reliable pulsed coherent laser source is a
key sub-system required in a coherent Lidar sensor. When humans are involved, eye safe laser emission is also
typically required. Therefore a highly efficient fiber laser system based on a coherent Master-Oscillator followed by
a chain of Erbium (EDFA) and Erbium co-doped with Ytterbium fiber amplifiers (EYDFA) is ideally suited for this
application suite.
In this paper, we are presenting an all polarization-maintaining fiber architecture and experimental results on
such a high peak power fiber laser system allowing for versatile modulation strategies at a wavelength of 1563nm
commensurate with a clear atmospheric transmission window and eye-safe operation. The system is constituted by
three amplification stages, all based on Polarization-Maintaining fiber. With 660ns and 20Kpps, over 500W peak
power pulses have been experimentally demonstrated with near diffraction limited performance with this all PM
fiber system.
KEYWORDS: Optical filters, Bandpass filters, Signal detection, Signal to noise ratio, Optical amplifiers, Lab on a chip, Interference (communication), Phase modulation, Fiber amplifiers, Digital filtering
We report on a novel fiber based coherent detection system employing an optical preamplifier, a spectrum bandpass filter, and a time-domain filter. The time-domain filter, a synchronous time gate, reduces the in-band Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE ) beat noise, which cannot be achieved by the spectrum bandpass filter alone. In preliminary experiments with a 100 GHz bandpass filter, no degradation is observed from the optically preamplified coherent detection compared to pure coherent detection. With a 10 ns pulse width, 500 kHz repetition rate, and 10 pW input power, 2.78 dB and 1 dB signal-to-noise (SNR) improvement has been achieved, respectively, when 5% and 50% time gating duty cycle is used.
In this paper we present advances made in the development and fabrication of highly efficient, large-mode area fibers for eye-safe wavelengths (1.55 μm, 2.0 μm). LMA Er/Yb co-doped and Tm doped fibers have been successfully fabricated, with 25 μm core and 250 to 300 μm clad diameters, that are suitable for nanosecond pulsed amplification in LIDAR applications as well as high power CW amplification. Manufacturing challenges for these novel fibers are discussed. Measured and modeled data, for both types of fibers, are presented. The development of non-PM and PM-LMA fibers for eye-safe applications is expected to spur rapid progress in power scaling at these wavelengths, similar to that witnessed by the industry at 1.06 μm.
We have tested a series of Ytterbium doped large core fibers operating near 10Kpps and producing pulses of approximately 1ns. We have achieved 0.85mJ/pulse resulting in peak powers in excess of 2MW with 0.4ns pulses and near diffraction limited beams. In another fiber, we have achieved over 1.5mJ/pulse with pulses of 900ps corresponding to 1.65MW of peak power and M2 of 2.5. In the latter case, wall-plug efficiencies, excluding cooling of the pump diode lasers, in excess of 15% were also achieved. This fiber amplifier has operated for 2 months without any degradation or observed optical damage.
Various military lidar applications such as underwater mine detection, obstacle avoidance, IRCM, and 3 D lidar incorporate high repetition rate solid-state lasers to accomplish the mission. The recent advances and demonstrations in high power Ytterbium (Yb) fiber lasers/amplifiers make the fiber media a viable alternative to bulk lasers for these applications. The fiber laser geometry maximizes the pump absorption and mode matching for overall high efficiency, (factor-of-two over bulk laser sources) while minimizing thermal effects. In this presentation we will show experimental and modeling results on various master oscillator Yb doped polarization maintaining (PM) fiber amplifiers being developed for high repetition rate applications. We have demonstrated >20 W of average output power with M2 <1.3, repetition rates up to 75 kHz and pulse widths ranging from <1 ns to 250 ns. Results of a pulsed PM MOFA efficiently pumping a Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate (PPLN) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) and KTP doubler will also be presented.
High spectral purity, high energy, tunable laser sources operating in the absorption bands at 730, 815 or 940 nm bands are required for remote sensing of water vapor mixing ratio with a differential absorption lidar. For this application, injection seeding of a high energy Cr3+:LiSeAlF6 ring laser with a narrowband, Q- switched, Cr:LiSAF laser was investigated. The slave ring laser utilized either a flashlamp pumped or diode-pumped Cr:LiSAF gain module. The flashlamp pumped module provided a single-pass gain of 1.5 at 825nm. The diode-pumped module consisted of a Cr:LiSAF rod, side-pumped with high power diode bar stacks giving > 150mJ energy in 200 microsecond(s) pulse. The spectral bandwidth of the ring laser output was 8 to 10 nm without injection seeding. The seed Cr:LiSAF laser was end pumped by a fiber coupled diode laser, and tuned with a birefringent filter. Tuning from 810 to 980 nm was possible with two sets of mirrors, and 160 to 700 ns long Q- switched pulses, with up to 40(mu) J energy, at 1000 Hz, were obtained with linewidths of < 0.1 nm. Successful seeding of both diode and flashlamp pumped lasers, narrowing of ring laser linewidth to < 0.1 nm, and 16 mJ/pulse output have been achieved.
We use two-photon absorption of GaAs to realize the temporal shaping of single-longitudinal mode Q-switched pulses. The results of our experiment agree well with the numerical solutions.
On the basis of the GaAs photoconductor characteristic of the decrease resistance with the increase of irradiation, we first developed a high precision and ultrafast positive and negative feedback circuit. By using these techniques, we have made a novel method of mode-locking, automatic mode-selecting, Q-switching, and realizing synchronizing outputs of two independent pulse oscillators, the jitter is no more than +/- 1 ns.
In this paper, we use two-photon absorption (TPA) of GaAs, realize the temporal shaping of single longitudinal mode Q-switched pulses. The experimental results agree with the numerical solutions well.
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