This paper deals with problematic of Free Space Optical (FSO) Links. The theoretical part describes the effects of atmospheric transmission environment on these FSO connections. The practical part is focused on the creation of an appropriate experimental workplace for turbulences simulation (mechanical and thermal turbulences), fog effects and subsequent measurement of these effects. For definition how big impact these effects on the FSO system have is used the statistical analysis and simulation software Optiwave. Overall there were tested three optical light sources operating at wavelengths of 632.8 nm, 850 nm and 1550 nm respectively. Influences of simulated atmospheric effects on the signal attenuation were observed. Within the frame of simulation in Optiwave software there were studied influences of attenuation on given wavelengths in form of FSO link transmission parameters degradation. Also for the purposes of real measurements it was necessary to fabricate an experimental box. This box was constructed with sizes of 2.5 and 5 meters and was used for simulation of atmospheric environment.
This article is dealing with an optical fiber refractive index design optimized for utilization in DTS (Distributed Temperature Sensing) measurements. Presented optical fiber uses wavelength of 850 nm for communication purposes and 1060 nm for sensory operation. The aim of this work is to design an optical fiber with redistribution of the optical field at 850 nm similar to communication multi-mode optical fiber 50/125 μm and for wavelength of 1060 nm the redistribution of the optical field will be shifted closer to the core-cladding boundary to increase its sensitivity to temperature. Optical properties obtained from fiber design are compared with standard multi-mode optical fiber with graded refractive index to ensure that new optical fiber design has better sensing characteristics, but still keeps good enough communication properties at the same time.
This article is dealing with evaluation of air turbulences in uence on the laser beam in the simulation box with regards to change of beam polarization state. For measurement the laser optical source LDM1550 operating at 1550 nm and polarimeter PAX5710 were used. The laser source was placed in front of simulation box that served for generation of stable turbulent environment. The simulation of turbulent environment was generated by high-speed ventilators PMD1212PMB1-A. The thermal turbulences were created by Empire CTH-5000 and Solac TH 8325 heaters. All heaters were placed along the side of simulation box. With the help of polarimeter and detector PAN5710IR3 were then subsequently recorded changes of polarization state of the optical beam with regards to changes of turbulence condition within the box. The results are then discussed and interpreted with the help of statistic methods in the end of the article.
This paper discusses the implementation of a light emitting diode based visible light communication system for optical vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications in road safety applications. The widespread use of LEDs as light sources has reached into automotive fields. For example, LEDs are used for taillights, daytime running lights, brake lights, headlights, and traffic signals. Future in the optical vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications will be based on an optical wireless communication technology that using LED transmitter and a camera receiver (OCI; optical communication image sensor). Utilization of optical V2V communication systems in automotive industry naturally brings a lot of problems. Among them belongs necessity of circuit implementation into the current concepts of electronic LED lights control that allows LED modulation. These circuits are quite complicated especially in case of luxury cars. Other problem is correct design of modulation circuits so that final vehicle lightning using optical vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication meets standard requirements on Photometric Quantities and Beam Homogeneity. Authors of this article performed research on optical vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication possibilities of headlight (Jaguar) and taillight (Skoda) in terms of modulation circuits (M-PSK, M-QAM) implementation into the lamp concepts and final fulfilment of mandatory standards on Photometric Quantities and Beam Homogeneity.
Knowledge of fiber devices ageing is one of necessary conditions for successful applications of fiber communication systems into hard environmental surrounding and for application of fiber sensors. This paper deals with finding of typical ageing markers during the process of accelerated ageing.
This paper is dealing with problems and possibilities of RFoG (Radio Frequency over Glass) technology deployment into the new generation optical access networks. Passive optical networks (PON) offer, except high bit rate, also a very wide range of applicability for various traffic data services. These services can be combined with different transmission technologies. The one of the most important needs upon these networks is also their backward compatibility with older analog technologies. The experimental part is devoted to broadcasting of RFoG through the designed PON networks and experimental measurements, using objective methods. The conclusion of this article is focused on the evaluation of individual measurements and considering of the feasibility of RFoG technology deployment in practical utilization.
Nowadays, the conventional light sources are replaced progressively evolving LED (Light Emitting Diode) for their deficient properties. This technology recorded dynamic growth mainly due to effective research in increasing power density and choice the color shade on good color rendering CRI (Color Rendering Index). This extending the zone of used LEDs. Development of lighting technology by means of white power LEDs provided impulse to the idea of the development of optical wireless data networks based on optical radiation in the visible region of the spectrum VLC (Visible Light Communications). In the last years being recorded a turnover of research from transmission of information via optical fiber to the transmission of information through wireless networks. At the same time the concept of information transmission by indirect sight between transmitter and receiver NLOS (Non Line of Sight) is changing. Line of research focuses mainly on the direct line of sight LOS (Line of Sight). This is due to the development of the semiconductor lighting through the white power LED. This is connected with the idea of using them as a transmitter for communication purposes. This article deals with software design of optical link for indoor wireless optical network in LightTools software. Optimal optical source was designed for communication using LED as the first. For the proposed type of LEDs sources were used different shapes and distances distribution between LEDs in a single cell at the designed optical transmitter.
During recent years, there has been rapid development in optical networks. This includes not only fiber optical networks but also free space optical networks. The free space optical networks can be divided into indoor and outdoor ones. The indoor free space optical networks have been experiencing dramatic progress in the last years, allowed by the newest IEEE norm 802.15.7, which enabled development of different types of transmitter receivers, modulation formats, etc. The team of authors is dealing with software design of segment optical transmitters for an indoor free space optical network based on the multi-mode optical 50/125 or 62.5/125 μm fiber. Simulated data are then evaluated from the point of view of optical intensity uniform distribution and space spot light size radiating from segment optical transmitter.
This paper is dealing with design of new type of optical transmitter that is composed of bundle of optical fibers. For design purposes multimode fibers with different dimensions 50/125 and 62.5/125 µm were used. Software designs consisting of 3 or 5 optical fibers in bundle were subsequently evaluated from the point of view of uniform optical intensity distribution and dimensions of light pattern in space.
Fiber optic distributed temperature sensing systems (DTS) are based on the principle of reflectometer and allow us to measure the temperature along the optical fiber. Optical fiber in these systems is used as a temperature sensor which can measure up to thousands of points simultaneously. DTS sensors use nonlinear phenomenon known as Raman scattering for temperature measurement. The advantages of this system include immunity to electromagnetic radiation, low cost of optical fiber, the possibility of measurement to a distance of 10 km and safe use in flammable or corrosive environments. The small size of optical fiber allows using in applications where the dimensions of the other sensors were problematic. A typical example of the DTS application is the fire detection in tunnels and buildings at risk, detection of water leaks on dikes and dams or monitoring of temperature in mine shafts. This article deals with the measurement of temperature transmission over various insulation layers using the DTS system. One of the problems of temperature transmission is that most of the sensors cannot measure the entire temperature profile but only allows a point measurement. This problem is solved by DTS systems with optical fibers. Optical fiber, due to its small size, can be applied among various insulation layers that were formed by rock wool. Three sensory layers formed by rings of multimode optical tightbuffered fiber with 50/125 micron core/cladding dimension were applied. The layers were linked together allowing a direct comparison of measured temperature. Rows of rings were placed on the margins and one was in the middle. Individual rings were linked together into the horizontal lines. Thus we were able to cover the whole surface of the insulation layers. Measurement was carried out in a closed air-conditioned room for 37 hours. Graphs with the progress of temperature at time and place were compiled from the measured data.
Next-generation passive optical access networks come to the fore nowadays. These optical next-generation networks are
the response to the increasing qualitative requirements from end users. Technologies using Time Division Multiplexing
include NG-PON (XG-PON 1 and XG-PON 2) and 10GEPON. Their advantage is the applicability to older topologies,
which are operated by the original technology of passive optical access networks. Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON) is an alternative also belonging to next-generation networks. Time Division
Multiplexing is in this case replaced by Wavelength Division Multiplexing. Certain variants of WDM-PON use a
combination of broadband light source, optical circulator, optical phased array and tunable FP laser. Construction of the
terminal units (ONU) is advantageous because it can always tune in to the appropriate wavelength in the given optical
DWDM channel (100 GHz). The disadvantage is the increased security risk on the primary layer due to channel crosstalk
in an optical phased array (AWG). The aim of this paper is to assess the degree of security risk in real conditions. The
article includes both simulation and real measurements in C + L bands with 100 GHz DWDM spacing.
The new dynamic direction of wireless networks development is based on the idea of networks utilizing the optical radiation in the visible spectrum VLC (Visible Light Communications). The impulse of this development direction was improvement in the semiconductor lighting technologies, namely the white power LEDs (Light Emitting Diode). These types of wireless networks are denoted as the optical wireless networks for indoor spaces utilizing optical radiation in the visible spectrum. The paper deals with the issue of deployment of multi-state modulations into the indoor visible light communications in LOS (Line of Sight) configuration. The first part of the paper focuses on design of modulation element (SMD LED matrix 3 × 3) and problems connected to deployment of multi-state modulation M-QAM (subcarrier intensity modulation) through this modulation element into the indoor visible light communications (MER). The second part deals with the irradiation distribution in dark room in comparison with real room during used multi-state modulation scheme in both simulation and real measurement.
There is an increasing pressure nowadays on the efficient use of existing ICT infrastructure in order to provide the latest services for corporate customers or end users. With the increase in number of services, requirements for optical networks of all hierarchies are increasing as well. This increase in the requirements, however, involves risks which must be faced by Internet service providers. These include the maximum use of spectral range, bandwidth and reachable distance, suppression of dispersion effect, route planning efficiency, CAPEX and OPEX costs management, or successful combination of technologies of deployed networks. The aim of this article is to present the problems associated with interconnection of WDM-PON and ver.2 EPON (IEEE 802.3ah standard). The entire simulation is based on real parameters, which were provided by the manufacturers of the technologies and then measured in the laboratory. Then we were able to perform simulations based on more realistic features of these technologies.
KEYWORDS: Optical amplifiers, WDM-PON, Raman spectroscopy, Signal to noise ratio, Attenuators, Fiber amplifiers, Networks, L band, Signal attenuation, Optical networks
This article is dealing with simulation of deployment of different optical amplifier types in different positions (power amplifier, in-line amplifier, preamplifier) in the WDM-PON network. For simulation available bit rates per chanell were taken in to account, specifically 125 Mbps, 1.25 Gbps and 2.5 Gbps. Optical amplifiers implementation than has influence on possible transmission distance for WDM-PON network. In simulated topology parameters as bit error ratio, attenuation, Q-factor, OSNR, etc. were observed. The whole designed WDM-PON network topology was based on real device Ericsson-LG EAST1100 available on the market. Necessary parameters and data for simulation were obtained from datasheets and real measurements so that the simulation resemble to the real measured results as much as possible.
The FSO (Free Space Optics) communication uses the visible or infrared light for transmission. As well as cable optics FSO also uses laser for the data transmission, but the data flow is not transmitted in the fiber but in the air. This technology does not require expensive fiber optic cables and or ensure the licensing zone as it is in the case of radio networks. As well as in the cable transmissions are different modulations used. Nowadays, the most used modulations are QAM and OFDM. OFDM belongs to the border group of modulations with more carrier waves, where the information's are transmitted via subcarrier waves with lower data flow and baud rate. It is mainly used in broadband wire and wireless communications. OFDM provides very high signal resistance against the interference, chromatic dispersion (CD) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD)[l]. Modulation method involves the use of several hundreds to thousands of subcarrier waves. QAM is a composite modulation, which uses for symbol creation the combination of ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) and PSK (Phase Shift Keying). Each state is represented by a specific value of the amplitude and phase. It's actually multistate modulation, which is able to transmit n bits by m symbols. That means that more bits are transferred at one moment. This paper deals with the modulations used in FSO. Most used modulation in FSO is OOK (On-Off Keying) , but modulations OFDM and QAM are (modulation ) ways of the future. The main task was to determine how much is the reach of modulations changing with the changes of density (visibility) of fog and the set transceiver power. As software environment for simulations has been used OptiSystem program. For the simulation of the atmosphere the FSO component has been used. In this component were simulated attenuations, which are responding to varying densities of fog [2]. At different intensities of fog were changing the received power.
This article is dealing with problems connected with coupling conditions for different types of quasi-single mode optical fibers with various refractive indices of core and cladding. The description of repeatable coupling conditions measurement and measurement of optical beam by the slit method is also presented. The heads of quasi-single mode optical fibers were measured and observed with the help of CCD camera and microscope. These instruments allow measuring of optical power redistribution in modal field.
The contribution deals with a usage of Raman DTS for thermal transmittance monitoring and moisture monitoring in wooden buildings and constructions. Temperature measurement and thermal transmittance is notable for an analysis of moisture distribution inside of wooden girders that are the basic construction parts of wooden buildings during their seasoning and sanitation. In this contribution the results from measurements within real wooden objects will be presented and these results will be compared with laboratory experiments under controlled conditions. For wood sanitation two types of heating are used – flow of hot air and microwave heating. A multimode fiber 62,5/125 in primary coating is applied for measurements, this fiber is putted on the inside and outside surface of wooden construction. Here the fiber meanders are created inside of wooden girders with spacing of 1 cm. Optical fibers are laid in two mutual perpendicular cuts with usage of temperature resolution better than 0,05°C. The measured length of wooden girder is 1,4 m for unambiguously temperature specification inside the girder and its thermal transmittance. The temperature maps of various types of wooden girders are the results of analysis. Different multimode fibers with particular fiber coatings are included in the analysis. These measurements have been provided with Sentinel DTS and they are parts of a wide set DTS application for building industry. We are trying to specify the influence of fiber bending on temperature sensitivity, how to join measuring fiber to transporting fiber, critical length of both fibers and many others. Raman DTS can replace large number of thermometers and provide continuous information about temperature distribution.
In this article are presented results from application of fiber optical DTS system within long term research of temperature energy accumulation in Paskov rock massif. In this area was established special measuring station for that purpose, because rock massif in Paskov area has ideal properties for temperature changes measurement. The twelve geothermal boreholes were drilled during this research, which were then used for rock massif heating by Thermal Response Test device. With the help of DTS system was observed how the temperature distribution and penetration in between boreholes in rock massif is. Thanks to the DTS system we were able to determine the Thermal Response Test device heating power influence on the nearest monitoring boreholes.
Nowadays the trends in the construction industry are changing at an incredible speed. The new technologies are still emerging on the market. Sphere of building insulation is not an exception as well. One of the major problems in building insulation is usually its failure, whether caused by unwanted mechanical intervention or improper installation. The localization of these faults is quite difficult, often impossible without large intervention into the construction. As a proper solution for this problem might be utilization of Optical-Fiber DTS system based on stimulated Raman scattering. Used DTS system is primary designed for continuous measurement of the temperature along the optical fiber. This system is using standard optical fiber as a sensor, which brings several advantages in its application. First, the optical fiber is relatively inexpensive, which allows to cover a quite large area for a small cost. The other main advantages of the optical fiber are electromagnetic resistance, small size, safety operation in inflammable or explosive area, easy installation, etc. This article is dealing with the detection and localization of building insulation faults using mentioned system.
Continuous casting is a modern and advanced technology of steel production, which product is a blank as an
intermediate product for further processing. One of the most important parts of this whole process is crystallizer. At
present most of methods, describing how to analyze the temperature profile of crystallizer in operation, were published and experimentally verified. These methods include the use of thermocouples or Bragg’s grids. New sophisticated method of analysis of crystallizer temperature profile is the use of optical fiber DTS based on stimulated Raman dispersion. This paper contains the first experimental measurement and method’s verification, which are necessary for the deployment this method into industrial practice.
The optical access networks are nowadays swiftly developing in the telecommunications field. These networks can provide higher data transfer rates, and have great potential to the future in terms of transmission possibilities. Many local internet providers responded to these facts and began gradually installing optical access networks into their originally built networks, mostly based on wireless communication. This allowed enlargement of possibilities for end-users in terms of high data rates and also new services such as Triple play, IPTV (Internet Protocol television) etc. However, with this expansion and building-up is also related the potential of reach in case of these networks. Big cities, such as Prague, Brno, Ostrava or Olomouc cannot be simply covered, because of their sizes and also because of their internal regulations given by various organizations in each city. Standard logical and also physical reach of EPON (IEEE 802.3ah - Ethernet Passive Optical Network) optical access network is about 20 km. However, for networks based on Wavelength Division Multiplex the reach can be up to 80 km, if the optical-fiber amplifier is inserted into the network. This article deals with simulation of different types of amplifiers for WDM-PON (Wavelength Division Multiplexing-Passive Optical Network) network in software application Optiwave OptiSystem and than are the values from the application and from real measurement compared.
The free space optic links are used in places, where it is very difficult to use optical fiber links. The advantages of free space optic link are a great bit rate, easy and fast installation, unlicensed frequency band. The greatest disadvantage is transmission medium, which it uses in case of FSO link, the atmosphere. The worst influence on FSO link is caused by atmospherical effect called fog. This article deals with the study of fog influence on FSO link and its bit error ratio. The real measurement of BER with artificial generated fog and FSO link was performed. The measurement was done in laboratory conditions. The results are presented in this article.
The Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors are nowadays used in many applications. Thanks to its quite big sensitivity to a surrounding environment, they can be used for sensing of temperature, strain, vibration or pressure. A fiber Bragg grating vibration sensor, which is interrogated by a distributed feedback laser diode (DFB) is demonstrated in this article. The system is based on the intensity modulation of the narrow spectral bandwidth of the DFB laser, when the reflection spectrum of the FBG sensor is shifted due to the strain that is applied on it in form of vibrations caused by acoustic wave pressure from loud speaker. The sensor’s response in frequency domain and strain is measured; also the factor of sensor pre-strain impact on its sensitivity is discussed.
Nowadays, in the field of communications systems radio transmission frequencies are dominant inside buildings. Due to the increasing of large number of users and devices, that use these frequencies, there is danger of accruing interferences and reducing the transmission performance. Therefore, indoor wireless optical systems are beginning to use as an alternative solution. Indoor wireless optical systems can use for communication direct and reflected light rays. This article deals with the measurement of optical power distribution in the model dark room. As a light source we use white power LEDs located on the ceiling of the room. The measurement of the optical power distribution was performed in dark room, which was specially constructed for this purpose. This room was also modelled in LightTools software that allows simulate a real measurement. This article compares the results of the measurement and the simulation.
Nowadays, it is obvious that the access networks will be build up from optical networks. With that are linked also optical components. These components are mostly passive connectors and splitters. In terms of the attenuation budget of the entire network, especially the splitters are very important elements in planning of the networks. The change in attenuation of these elements can lead to failure of the entire network. This article is focused to the issue of measurement of attenuation changes of the fiber optic splitters caused by the temperature with different dividing ratios and number of branches. The article describes the attenuation changes with temperature for commercially available single-mode fiber optical splitters and its capabilities for internal use. Effects of temperature were simulated in specialized chamber, which can reach the temperatures of value about 300 °C. Each fiber splitter was measured from all directions and several times in order to construct the statistical evaluation of the measured and calculated data. The measurement content also included determination of attenuation, crosstalk between the branches, insertion loss and total loss.
Optical fibreless data networks P2P offer fast data transmissions with big transmittance from 1- 10 Gbps on a distance of 1- 6 km. Perfections of such networks are especially flexibility, rapid creation of communications. Sensitivity to atmospheric influences, necessity of light on sight belongs to disadvantages. Transmission through atmosphere be characterized by non-stationarity, inhomogeneity, the influences have random character. It means immediately that it is possible only with difficulty to project conclusions concerning to the measurement on one line upon fiberless line in another position. Contribution tackles a question of forming of the artificial hazy atmospheres, finding the statistical parameters of artificially created foggy atmospheres that could be reproduced to real environment. This work describes created laboratory apparatus powered with fog generator, heat source and ventilating fans, which allow in a controlled way to change the optical transmission inside the bounded space. Laser diode radiation at wavelength of 850 nm is transmitted into created space like this which is scanned with optical power meter after passing of artificially created turbulent vaporous environment. Changes in intensity of the passed lights are captured; the mean value and maximum deviation from the mean value are computed. In this way it is possible to change the reached specific attenuation in dB/km. Owing to turbulences it happens to deviations from the mean value, these abnormalities are characterized by the distribution function that describes the size of turbulences in time. By the help of ergodic theorem then it is possible to deduce that the distribution function of the foggy turbulences gained at continuous time evaluation has same history like the distribution function gained behind the same conditions in the setup in other times. It holds as well that these distribution functions are the same for variety of points in experimental space, provided there are well - kept the same conditions of turbulence creations. Contribution shows the experimental values, shapes of distribution functions, their influence on attenuation of fiberless communication lines and on achieved the transmission BER. At the present time the verification of conclusions is performed from the experimental model on outdoor connecting link working upon the distance of 1,3 km at the transmission rate of 1,25 Gbps.
The team of authors was concerned in the development and construction of low-cost free space optical link and
simulations of the influence of atmospheric conditions on this link. The article contains description of electronic design
and attention is also dedicated to simulations of atmospheric conditions. Gradually, the most frequently occurring
atmospheric conditions and their impact on the available bit rates were tested. An integral part of the article is calculation
of the energy balance of the whole link. At the end are shown images of the measured eye diagrams and samples of
measured distribution of optical power using a digital camera and its processing in MATLAB.
PM optical fiber with a PM single mode couplers or splitters at each fiber end can be used as a sensitive structure for
fiber sensing applications. The sensitive structure is created with two lasers at λ = 1550 nm. Each laser is connected to
the opposite sides of two the single mode PM couplers with PM fiber connecting both PM couplers. One DFB laser is
isolated and its light goes through variable attenuator. Isolation is necessary for DFB laser stability. The second laser is
F-P laser without any isolator. Its radiation is driven as with driven current so with DFB laser passing through SM optical
fiber. Small changes of DFB laser light spectrum passing through PM optical fiber activate large changes in FP laser
radiation spectra. DFB laser is tunable with temperature and its radiation is a stimulated light for FP laser. If the power of
DFB laser is above threshold power, FP laser losses its multimode behavior. Threshold powers, tunable range of DFB
laser, changes in mode structures of FP laser will be presented together with application possibilities of coupled laser
diodes system.
Fiber optical interferometers belong to highly sensitive equipments that are able to measure slight changes like distortion
of shape, temperature and electric field variation and etc. Their great advantage is that they are insensitive on ageing
component, from which they are composed of. It is in virtue of herewith, that there are evaluated no changes in optical
signal intensity but number interference fringes. To monitor the movement of persons, eventually to analyze the changes
in state of motion we developed method based on analysis the dynamic changes in interferometric pattern. We have used
Mach- Zehnder interferometer with conventional SM fibers excited with the DFB laser at wavelength of 1550 nm. It was
terminated with optical receiver containing InGaAs PIN photodiode. Its output was brought into measuring card module
that performs on FFT of the received interferometer signal. The signal rises with the composition of two waves passing
through single interferometer arm. The optical fiber SMF 28e in one arm is referential; the second one is positioned on
measuring slab at dimensions of 1x2m. A movement of persons around the slab was monitored, signal processed with
FFT and frequency spectra were evaluated. They rose owing to dynamic changes of interferometric pattern. The results
reflect that the individual subjects passing through slab embody characteristic frequency spectra, which are individual for
particular persons. The scope of measuring frequencies proceeded from zero to 10 kHz. It was also displayed in
experiments that the experimental subjects, who walked around the slab and at the same time they have had changed
their state of motion (knee joint fixation), embodied characteristic changes in their frequency spectra. At experiments the
stability of interferometric patterns was evaluated as from time aspects, so from the view of repeated identical
experiments. Two kinds of balls (tennis and ping-pong) were used to plot the repeatability measurements and the gained
spectra at repeated drops of balls were compared. Those stroked upon the same place and from the same elevation and
dispersion of the obtained frequency spectra was evaluated. These experiments were performed on the series of 20
repeated drops from highs of 0,5 and 1m. The evaluation of experiments displayed that the dispersion of measured
values is lower than 4%. Frequency response has been verified with the loudspeaker connected to signal generator and
amplifier. Various slabs have been measured and frequency ranges were compared for particular slab designs.
This article deals with spectral characteristics measurement of fiber couplers which are used for FTTx networks. Due to
WDM systems we are able to communicate with several wavelengths at a time. In xPON systems the data transmission
runs at wavelengths 1310 nm, 1490 and 1550 nm, in case of using singlemode fibers, or at 850 nm and 1300 nm in case
of using multimode fibers. The target of this work is a testing how the individual parameters of fiber coupler behave
whether broad spectrum light source is connected to the input. In sum it was measured four most often used fiber
couplers, fiber coupler in port configuration 1x2 with coupling ratio 50/50%, fiber coupler in port configuration 1x2 with
coupling ratio 30/70%, fiber coupler in port configuration 1x2 with coupling ratio 10/90% and fiber coupler in port
configuration 1×4 with coupling ratio 4×25%. For these fiber couplers it was set insertion losses, coupling ratios,
homogeneities and total losses by using a broad spectrum light source. The results are valuable information for
companies which deal with optical networks.
The free space optical links have found their major application in today's technological society. The demand for quality
broadband is a must for all types of end users in these times. Because of the large jamming from wireless radio networks
in non-licensed ISM bands, the free space optical links provide bridging of some densely populated urban areas. Their
advantage is the high transmission rate for relatively long distances. However, the disadvantage is the dependence of free
space optical links on atmospheric influences. Aired collimated optical beam passes through the atmospheric
transmission environment and by its influence cause the deformation of the optical beam. Author's team decided to
construct a special measuring device for measurement of optical power in FSO link beam cross-section. The equipment
is mobile and can be rearranged and adjust according to the given location and placement of the FSO link at any time.
The article describes the individual structural elements of the measuring equipment, its controlling and application for
evaluation and adjustment of measuring steps. The graphs from optical power measurements in the beam cross-section of
professional FSO links are presented at the end.
Fiber optical interferometers belong to highly sensitive equipments that are able to measure slight changes like distortion
of shape, temperature and electric field variation and etc. Their great advantage is that they are insensitive on ageing
component, from which they are composed of. It is in virtue of herewith, that there are evaluated no changes in optical
signal intensity but number interference fringes. To monitor the movement of persons, eventually to analyze the changes
in state of motion we developed method based on analysis the dynamic changes in interferometric pattern. We have used
Mach- Zehnder interferometer with conventional SM and PM fibers excited with the DFB laser at wavelength of 1550
nm. It was terminated with optical receiver containing InGaAs PIN photodiode. Its output was brought into measuring
card module that performs on FFT of the received interferometer signal. The signal rises with the composition of two
waves passing through single interferometer arm. The optical fiber SMF 28e or PM PANDA fiber in one arm is
referential; the second one is positioned on measuring slab at dimensions of 1×2m. A movement of persons over the slab
was monitored, signal processed with FFT and frequency spectra were evaluated. They rose owing to dynamic changes
of interferometric pattern. The results reflect that the individual subjects passing through slab embody characteristic
frequency spectra, which are individual for particular persons. The scope of measuring frequencies proceeded from zero
to 10 kHz. At experiments the stability of interferometric patterns was evaluated as from time aspects, so from the view
of repeated identical experiments. Two kinds of balls (tennis and ping-pong) were used to plot the repeatability
measurements and the gained spectra at repeated drops of balls were compared. Those stroked upon the same place and
from the same elevation and dispersion of the obtained frequency spectra was evaluated. These experiments were
performed on the series of 20 repeated drops from highs of 0,5 and 1m. The evaluation of experiments displayed that the
dispersion of measured values is lower than 4% and could be reduced by PM fibers usage.
Polyaniline hydrochloride was prepared by the oxidation of aniline hydrochloride with ammonium peroxodisulfate in
dilute hydrochloric acid. The polyaniline films were produced during the polymerization on the microscope glass
surfaces immersed in the reaction mixture. The thin film was created and its thickness has been about 100 nm. We have
measured the spectral transmittance together with temperature changes. The polyaniline thin film is conductive and we
observed changes in optical transmittance spectra and reflective spectra with electric current. Optical spectra have been
measured in range from 380 nm to 1010 nm.
The electric conductivity has been changed with silicate substrate. This substrate influenced the free electrons
distribution and therefore the optical properties of polyaniline. Due to electric current going through the nanofilm its
sensitivity to temperature has been increased. We also observed two specific spectral windows. The first one was
characterized by its insensitivity to temperature; the second one has been temperature sensitive. The central wavelength
of insensitive window is about 500nm. This property can be the base for novel sensors structures.
We used Ocean Optics USB spectrometer for evaluation of spectral changes. Wideband white light halogen source
from the same manufacturer has been applied as a light source. Small polarizing dependence of reflected light has been
observed too.
The fiber optic sensors have a great possibilities thanks to its sizes, features and usage possibilities in measurement
engineering. Optical fiber is mostly used as a medium for the transfer of information, but if we consider an optical fiber
as a sensor then the other usage can be found for example in medicine or biology. If the optical fiber is heated by
sufficiently high temperature, the light signal starts to be emitted in the internal structure. This signal has a spectral
characteristic, which can be used for evaluation of temperature thanks to quality analysis. The article will describe the
evaluation of spectral characteristics for utilizationof optical fiber as fiber optic sensor for very high temperatures.
The team of authors tries to provide information on the results of the fiber-optic DTS system application under long-term
research of accumulation possibilities of thermal energy in the rock mass in this article. In 2006, was in Ostrava
implemented the largest object in the Czech Republic, which is heated by heat pump system. It is a multi-purpose aula at
VŠB-TU + CIT (Center for Information Technology). The installed heat pump system consists of ten heat pumps with a
total output of 700kW and 110 wells about 140m deep. The applied research is conducted in two measuring polygons
("Big" and "Little" polygon). Simultaneously with fiber-optic DTS system is applied group of PT1000 temperature
sensors and Geothermal Response Test (GERT). Fiber-optic DTS system is deployed inside polyethylene PE collector
via a special sensory fiber optic cable. The ecological antifreeze mixture, based on the technical spirit, used for the
collection and delivery of energy to the rock mass circulates inside of PE collector. PT1000 temperature sensors are
placed at certain intervals on the outer side of the PE U-tube within the heat well. The result of application of the fiberoptic
DTS system is information about the heat profile of wells, thermal conductivity of the geological environment and
the impact of external changes in the thermal wells, along with the accumulation possibilities of thermal energy in the
rock mass (over-summer period).
Fiber optic rings are used for synchronization of modes and optical pulses shaping in fiber lasers. The resulting pulses
are characterized by stable amplitude and reduced chirp. The length of fiber ring is chosen so as to avoid loss of laser
light coherence. New application of optical fiber loops is their inclusion in the closed loop during their excitation by laser
light modulated by low-frequency signal and middle frequency signal. If loop also includes amplifying fiber which
covers losses incurred by couplers will thus be possible evaluated a signal delay in long loop and thus measure the length
of fiber. Reverse task is possibility to measure n1eff if we know the length of SM fiber loop. This type of designed fiber
optic oscillator consists of single-mode optical fiber SM28e in lengths of order of kilometers. This fiber is connected in a
series with erbium doped fiber that covers loop losses. Loop, which acts as an oscillator is excited by DFB lasers both at
a wavelength of 1550 nm and at wavelength of 1310 nm. The paper will demonstrated the comparison between active
and passive fiber loops and their influence to accuracy of effective refractive index measurement.
Fiber optical interferometers belong to highly sensitive equipments that are able to measure slight changes like distortion
of shape, temperature and electric field variation and etc. Their great advantage is that they are insensitive on ageing
component, from which they are composed of. It is in virtue of herewith, that there are evaluated no changes in optical
signal intensity but number interference fringes. To monitor the movement of persons, eventually to analyze the changes
in state of motion we developed method based on analysis the dynamic changes in interferometric pattern. We have used
Mach- Zehnder interferometer with conventional SM fibers excited with the DFB laser at wavelength of 1550 nm. It was
terminated with optical receiver containing InGaAs PIN photodiode. Its output was brought into measuring card module
that performs on FFT of the received interferometer signal. The signal rises with the composition of two waves passing
through single interferometer arm. The optical fiber SMF 28e in one arm is referential; the second one is positioned on
measuring slab at dimensions of 1x2m. A movement of persons over the slab was monitored, signal processed with FFT
and frequency spectra were evaluated. They rose owing to dynamic changes of interferometric pattern. The results reflect
that the individual subjects passing through slab embody characteristic frequency spectra, which are individual for
particular persons. The scope of measuring frequencies proceeded from zero to 10 KHz. It was also displayed in
experiments that the experimental subjects, who walked around the slab and at the same time they have had changed
their state of motion (knee joint fixation), embodied characteristic changes in their frequency spectra. At experiments the
stability of interferometric patterns was evaluated as from time aspects, so from the view of repeated identical
experiments. Two kinds of balls (tennis and ping-pong) were used to plot the repeatability measurements and the gained
spectra at repeated drops of balls were compared. Those stroked upon the same place and from the same elevation and
dispersion of the obtained frequency spectra was evaluated. These experiments were performed on the series of 20
repeated drops from highs of 0,5 and 1m. The evaluation of experiments displayed that the dispersion of measured
values is lower than 4%.
Photonic fiber with single mode couplers or splitters at each fiber end can be used as a sensitive structure for fiber
sensing applications. The sensitive structure is created with two DFB lasers at λ = 1550 nm. Each laser is connected to
opposite sides of photonic fiber provided with SM couplers. One DFB laser is isolated and its light goes through variable
attenuation. Isolation is necessary for DFB laser stability. The second laser is DFB or F-P laser without any isolator. Its
radiation is driven as with driven current so with DFB laser passing through photonic fiber. Small changes of DFB laser
light passing through photonic fiber activate large changes in FP laser radiation. Temperature and pressure actuating on
photonic fiber are examples of effects that are able to change properties of passing laser light. These changes can be
measured with the help of photo detector at the second arm of SM couplers. Changes in optical spectra of F-P and DFB
laser under temperature and pressure are the results.
In those days a lot of cardiological surgeries is made every day. It is a matter of very significant importance
keeping the temperature of the hearth low during the surgery because it decides whether the cells of the muscle
will die or not. The hearth is cooled by the ice placed around the hearth muscle during the surgery and
cooling liquid is injected into the hearth also. In these days the temperature is measured only in some points of
the hearth using sensors based on the pH measurements. This article describes new method for measurement
of temperature of the hearth muscle during the cardiological surgery. We use a multimode optical fiber and
distributed temperature sensor (DTS) based on the stimulated Raman scattering in temperature measurements.
This principle allows us to measure the temperature and to determine where the temperature changes during the
surgery. Resolution in the temperature is about 0.1 degrees of Celsius. Resolution in length is about 1 meter.
The resolution in length implies that the fiber must be wound to ensure the spatial resolution about 5 by 5
centimeters.
The article deals with topics about fiber optic loop, evaluation of the signals delay in the loop and in case of the first
designed arrangement measurement of the fiber length. The second task is to detect the effective refractive index n1eff of
the fiber core at the given length of loop. Author's team gradually discusses how configurations for the tasks are created.
From configuration designs is possible to build up optical fiber sensor.
Paper deals with cooperation between companies and university, especially with interactions companies and students, companies and pedagogues. At present it is possible to observe insufficient level of practical skills and knowledge among students and their pedagogues, there is no articulation for companies’ demands. We try to solve this situation with the help of pilot compartment. Its main task is to associate university teachers, graduate students and companies‘ specialists. Within the scope activities of the compartment is to prepare one or two day’s long special courses. Their mass point is focused to practical training; prepare conditions for trainee-ships dedicated to teachers and students on one side and special courses for technicians, dealers and companies’ management on the other. The main goal of this compartment is an interconnection between university education and requirements out coming from praxis. There are many ways of how to fulfill such cooperation.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.